Tradition Under the Banner: Are American Flag Rituals Preserved in Schools—or Phased Out?
Around 8:05 a.m., the hallway outside a middle school cafeteria sounds like a soft orchestra of chairs sliding and zippers closing. The intercom crackles, students rise, some place hands on hearts, a few stand with arms at their sides, a handful keep their seats. The Pledge of Allegiance still happens in many American schools, but the scene no longer looks uniform. In one classroom, the pledge is daily and dutiful. In another, it is optional and quiet. In a third, it is gon
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